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- CUSTOMIZING CALC
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- ____________________________________________________________________
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- Customizing CALC
-
- One of the unique features of CALC is its ability to be tailored
- to individual preferences and environments.
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- Early versions of CALC were not very flexible. Like any good
- software authors, before we started, we discussed the merits and
- drawbacks of some other spreadsheet products. Then we borrowed
- some concepts here and there, added a bit of our own creativity,
- and started writing the programs.
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- But many early CALC users had already used other spreadsheet
- products. They were switching to CALC for many reasons: more
- features; easier to use; compatible with other software; etc. As
- letters and user response forms poured in, these early users quickly
- delivered their message:
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- "We sure wish CALC worked more like ________."
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- (Fill in the blank with just about every spreadsheet product that
- exists, and you begin to get the picture.)
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- But it wasn't the internal features of the other brands, or the way
- the manual was organized, or the names used for math functions.
- What people wanted was for CALC's "user interface" -- the
- keyboard and screen link to the user -- to look similar to other
- products they had seen or used.
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- "I think the message and entry line should be at the top of
- the screen, not the bottom."
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- "Sure wish the arrow keys worked like they do in KillerKalc."
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- "How about letting us enter @SUM instead of SUM? It would
- really cut down on my FORMULA ERROR messages."
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- "Will it work on my BelchFire 3-PC? Its screen is 64 by 16."
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- And the list goes on and on. So for the last two years we have
- continued to add features, and still the requests pour in. This
- version of CALC is so full of optional features and
- customization capabilities, we have devoted an entire section of
- the User Guide to it. This is it.
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- Profile (.PRO) Files
- There is a file on the CALC distribution diskette which
- demonstrates a profile in its simplest form. The file is called
- BW.PRO, and if you were to print it or type it, this is all you
- would see:
- BLACK AND WHITE
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- Users with black and white monitors have already discovered this
- file, or maybe have used it unwittingly. To start CALC for the
- first time on a computer with a black and white monitor it is
- necessary to type:
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- CALC BW
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- The BW on the DOS command line tells CALC to go find a file
- called BW.PRO, read all the commands in it (only one in this case),
- and change CALC's configuration accordingly.
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- Another important step is performed before BW.PRO is read:
- CALC tries to find a file called CALC.PRO. If found,
- it is read first, and all the commands in it are processed, even if
- no profile name is typed on the DOS command line. So, hey,
- monochrome users: you don't have to remember to type BW everytime
- you start up CALC. In DOS, just:
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- RENAME BW.PRO CALC.PRO
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- Now when you start CALC it is not necessary to say BW; it is in
- CALC's "automatic" profile.
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- What if you want to specify two or more different options in the
- profile? For an example of that, take a look at another file that
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- comes on the CALC distribution diskette, BW40.PRO:
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- BLACK AND WHITE
- SCREEN WIDTH 40
- COLUMN WIDTH 8
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- Any .PRO file can have any number of profile commands in it. Just
- put them each on a separate line, with a carriage return/line feed
- following them.
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- A CALC profile command can also start with a slash. The slash is
- optional when there is only one profile command per line. The
- following form is acceptable too:
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- BLACK AND WHITE;/SCREEN WIDTH 40;/COLUMN WIDTH 8
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- In this mode, CALC looks for a semicolon/slash pair to mark the
- end of a command, so if you put multiple commands on the same line,
- put a semicolon and slash between them (with no space between the
- semicolon and slash). Comma/slash was not used because commas and
- slashes are both used heavily in CALC profile data strings, as
- you will see later.
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- If CALC finds a profile command that it doesn't recognize or
- that has bad data, the command is displayed on the screen and a
- message is given:
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- The .PRO file contains a statement which is not valid.
- Press ENTER to ignore the statement and continue. Press Control-C
- to return to DOS. Or re-type the statement and press ENTER.
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- That about covers profile files. Now let's discuss the lines inside
- the profile -- profile commands.
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- Profile Command Summary
- Let's start by listing all the valid commands that can go into a
- profile. They are listed in groups by function. Following this
- section is a detailed discussion of some of the more exotic and
- complex commands.
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- PROFILE COMMANDS
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- Screen configuration
- MAXIMUM COLUMNS n Overrides 64 columns
- MAXIMUM LINES n Overrides 256 lines
- SCREEN WIDTH n Overrides 80 column screen width
- SCREEN LINES n Overrides 25 lines on screen
- COLUMN WIDTH n Overrides 11 character column width default
- SCREEN LAYOUT xxx Overrides DME (Display, Message, Entry)
- DISPLAY SLOW Use ROM BIOS calls (for some compatibles)
- ROMBIOS Use ROM BIOS calls (same as Display Slow)
- GRAPH1 SCREEN x Screen display character for bargraph 1
- GRAPH2 SCREEN x Screen display character for bargraph 2
- GRAPH3 SCREEN x Screen display character for bargraph 3
- BRACKETS xy Override () characters on negative numbers
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- Keyboard interface
- SMART CURSOR Smart cursor on at startup
- OLD CURSOR Cursor keys work like version 2.0
- QUOTE ON TEXT Require quotation mark on text (like 2.0)
- NO QUOTE ON TEXT No " on text, but formula starts with 0-9,+
- TRANSLATE x TO yyy Translate keyboard character to string
- (This is how smart keys are stored)
- KEYIN xxx... Initialize keyboard buffer with this string
- INSERT ONE SPACE Insert key inserts one space; no toggle
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- Screen colors
- BLACK AND WHITE Set colors to black/white and white/black
- BORDER COLOR x ON y Set border color
- DISPLAY COLOR x ON y Set display area color
- MESSAGE COLOR x ON y Set message area color
- ENTRY COLOR x ON y Set entry line color
- CURSOR COLOR x ON y Set cell cursor color
- PROTECT COLOR x ON y Set color of protected cells
- GRAPH1 COLOR x ON y Set color of bar graph 1
- GRAPH2 COLOR x ON y Set color of bar graph 2
- GRAPH3 COLOR x ON y Set color of bar graph 3
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- PROFILE COMMANDS
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- Global defaults
- MANUAL CALCULATION Set automatic recalculation off at startup
- BORDER OFF Turn off the screen border at startup
- COLUMN CALCULATION Calculate down columns, not across rows
- DEFAULT DECIMALS n Override default two decimal places
- DEFAULT FLOATING Default to floating decimal places
- DEFAULT SCIENTIFIC Default to scientific notation
- DEFAULT JUSTIFY x Default to left, right or center justification
- DEFAULT NO COMMAS Default to no commas between thousands
- DEFAULT GRAPHICS n Default to graphic format n on numbers
- DEFAULT $ Default to display floating dollar sign
- DEFAULT ( Default to parentheses on negative numbers
- DEFAULT % Default to percent sign on numbers
- DEFAULT ZERO BLANK Default to blanking out zero fields
- GLOBAL FORMULAS Default to display formulas in cells
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- Print configuration
- PRINTER WIDTH n Override 80 char. wide default
- LINES PER PAGE n Override 58 line default
- PRINTER OFFSET n Override 7 character default
- DOUBLE SPACE Override single spacing default
- TOP MARGIN n Override 2 line default
- COPIES n Override single copy default
- HEADING TOP n Specify heading starting line
- HEADING BOTTOM n Specify heading ending line
- FOOTING TOP n Specify footing starting line
- FOOTING BOTTOM n Specify footing ending line
- PRINTER 10 CPI xx... String to set printer to 10 char. per inch
- PRINTER 12 CPI xx... String to set printer to 12 char. per inch
- PRINTER 17 CPI xx... String to set printer to 17 char. per inch
- PRINTER 6 LPI xx... String to set printer to 6 lines per inch
- PRINTER 8 LPI xx... String to set printer to 8 lines per inch
- PRINTER INIT xx... String to send to printer before /Print
- TRANSLATE PRINT TO Translate a printed character to a string
- GRAPH1 PRINT x print character for bargraph 1
- GRAPH2 PRINT x print character for bargraph 2
- GRAPH3 PRINT x print character for bargraph 3
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- PROFILE COMMANDS
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- Sort commands
- SORT SPACES n Sort sequence: text starting with space
- SORT SPECIAL CHAR n Sort sequence: text starting with sp. char.
- SORT LOWER CASE n Sort sequence: text starting with letter
- SORT UPPER CASE n Sort sequence: text starting with letter
- SORT NUMERALS n Sort sequence: text starting with numeral
- SORT NEGATIVE n Sort sequence: negative value or formula
- SORT ZERO n Sort sequence: zero value or formula
- SORT POSITIVE n Sort sequence: positive value or formula
- SORT EMPTY n Sort sequence: empty cells
- SORT Aa Sort upper case ahead of lower case
- SORT IGNORE CASE Sort lower case and upper case together
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- Other commands
- PRINTER NAME Brand of printer (used in some prompts)
- ITERATIONS n Repeat calculation n times
- DEFAULT DRIVE Default disk drive for /Load and /Save
- DEFAULT EXTENSION Default file extension (such as .CAL)
- OPTIMIZE MEMORY Increase memory capacity, but run slower
- PROMPT Prompt for entry of profile commands
- ON EXIT RUN program On /Quit, run a specified .EXE program
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- SCREEN CONFIGURATION
- If CALC is already running on your computer, the easiest way to
- configure the screen is to use the /Configure command. /Configure
- allows you to see the changes immediately on the screen. When you
- have it just the way you want it, do a /Configure, Save, which
- creates a .PRO file with a name you specify.
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- But maybe you have a computer that CALC can't run on until it's
- configured. If that is the case, you can't run the /Configure
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- command. Four .PRO files are provided on the distribution diskette
- for just this occasion:
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- BW.PRO
- 40.PRO
- BW40.PRO
- SL.PRO
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- The purpose of each of these files is explained in the "Getting
- Started" section.
- All the screen configuration options are discussed in the
- /Configure section of the Alphabetical Reference. It is a good idea
- to read that section even if you plan to use .PRO files rather than
- /Configure. The only screen command which can not be set with
- /Configure is the BRACKET xy command. This command allows you to
- specify different characters for enclosing negative numbers. The
- system default is BRACKET () but you might want to specify:
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- BRACKET <>
- BRACKET []
- BRACKET {}
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- SMART CURSOR/OLD CURSOR
- SMART CURSOR is explained under /Global, Smart-cursor in the
- Alphabetical Reference section.
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- OLD CURSOR causes the arrow keys to work as they did in versions
- 1.0 and 2.0 of CALC: Only the ENTER key can terminate a field.
- Pressing left- or right-arrow while entering data does not move the
- cell cursor; it moves the data cursor one character to the left or
- right, like the backspace and tab keys. The up- and down-arrow keys
- have no effect during data entry. The old method is no longer the
- default, because most spreadsheet programs allow you to terminate a
- field and move the cell cursor with a single keystroke.
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- QUOTE/NO QUOTE
- QUOTE ON TEXT requires that all text fields be started with a
- quotation mark. Anything without a quotation mark is considered to
- be a value or formula. This is the way version 1.0 and 2.0 worked.
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- NO QUOTE ON TEXT is a popular way to differentiate between
- text and formulas. No quotation mark is required on text unless the
- text starts with a numeric digit or a plus or minus sign. Any field
- that does not start with a numeric digit or plus or minus is
- assumed to be text. The drawback to this method is that a formula
- like A1+B1 will be taken as text, so it needs a plus sign at the
- front to identify it as a formula: +A1+B1.
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- There are tradeoffs between QUOTE ON TEXT and NO QUOTE
- ON TEXT. Would you rather remember to put a quotation mark on
- your text, or a plus sign on formulas that start with a letter?
- With these .PRO options you can suit yourself.
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- The default method of differentiating text from formulas is
- preferred by many, but still has its drawbacks. If neither of the
- two options above are specified, and there is no " mark at the
- front, CALC takes your data string and runs it through the
- formula handler. If it comes back without a formula error, it is
- considered a formula (or value). If it comes back with a formula
- error it is considered text. There are two pitfalls here:
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- (1) many text fields look suspiciously like formulas: 1985, for
- example, or 8/24/85 will get processed as a formula unless you
- remember to enter a quotation mark first.
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- (2) If you make an error in your formula, such as mismatched
- parentheses, the data is considered text, and placed in the
- cell as such. So instead of a number, you may have a funny
- looking formula in the middle of your balance sheet. It only
- takes three strokes ( /E (ENTER) ) to get it back on the entry
- line, assuming you notice it is wrong.
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- As you can see, there are no easy choices for differentiating text
- from formulas. If anybody out there knows of a better way (not just
- another way, please, but a better way) please advise. In the
- meantime, you have your choice of three popular methods. You pick.
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- TRANSLATE
- TRANSLATE x TO yyy... is a useful means of translating a
- keyboard character into another character or string. The most
- popular use of this command is for Smart Keys; see /Configure,Keys
- for a discussion of them. But TRANSLATE can serve other purposes:
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- Ctrl-a to an alpha symbol, Ctrl-b to beta, etc. so you don't have
- to look up or remember the ASCII value for each of the symbols.
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- be easier to remember Ctrl-e is an e with an acute accent; Alt-e
- is an e with a grave accent, rather than ASCII 130 and 138.
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- The first parameter of TRANSLATE specifies the keyboard character
- to be translated. If it is more than one character long, only the
- first character is used. The second parameter can be any length,
- and is delimited by "TO" on the left and carriage return/line feed
- on the right.
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- If a carriage return (ENTER key) character is part of the
- TRANSLATE string, use [13] to designate carriage return. Use
- [8] to designate backspace. The numbers enclosed in brackets are
- the ASCII values for carriage return and backspace. There are
- several characters which you may want to use, for either the first
- parameter or in the second parameter string, which cannot always be
- typed into a string. Some special keys return an "extended code"
- which is two characters long. For those keys, add the extended code
- to 256 and enclose the number in square brackets. A table of
- extended codes is in the back of the BASIC reference manual. A few
- of the popular key values are listed here. To duplicate the
- character shown on the left, use the ASCII sequence in square
- brackets shown on the right. Any character's ASCII value can be
- enclosed in square brackets, but these are some that
- must be:
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- Backspace 8 Up arrow 328
- Tab 9 Down arrow 336
- Line feed 10 Left arrow 331
- ENTER (CR) 13 Right arrow 333
- Backtab 271 Insert 338
- Home 327 Delete 339
- End 335
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- Here is an example of a translate statement which converts the
- ESCAPE key (ASCII 27) to the string /QY (ENTER) :
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- TRANSLATE [27] TO /QY[13]
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- Since ESCAPE already has a special meaning in CALC, you will
- need to use CONTROL-C to cancel commands. Or you could choose
- another key and have it generate an ESCAPE code. That may be
- getting a bit extreme, unless you are trying to duplicate a unique
- set of keyboard conventions.
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- A maximum of fifty TRANSLATE strings can be specified. They
- can be any length, but if exceptionally long, they may cause an out
- of memory condition.
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- KEYIN
- The string following the KEYIN command is sent to the keyboard
- buffer when CALC is started. It works similar to a smart key,
- but doesn't require pressing a key at startup. Any string that is
- valid in the second parameter of TRANSLATE may be used in
- KEYIN. Special characters must have their ASCII value enclosed in
- square brackets (see TRANSLATE).
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- SCREEN COLORS
- The recommended way to configure screen colors is with the
- /Configure command. It allows you to see the colors as you
- configure them, and then you can save the color profile commands
- with /Configure,Save. It is possible, but cumbersome, to configure
- colors by typing profile commands. For example:
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- BORDER COLOR LIGHT MAGENTA ON CYAN
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- Any of the sixteen colors can be used for the first (foreground)
- color. Only the eight colors on the left can be used for the second
- (background) color:
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- Black Gray
- Blue Light Blue
- Green Light Green
- Cyan Light Cyan
- Red Light Red
- Magenta Light Magenta
- Brown Yellow
- White Bright White
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- GLOBAL DEFAULTS
- Global defaults are described in detail in the /Global and /Format
- command sections. They can be configured by using /G and /F to set
- them, then doing a /Configure,Save or they can be typed directly
- into a .PRO file.
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- PRINT CONFIGURATION
- Most of the printer configuration options are explained in the
- /Print command section. They can be configured by using /Print
- to set them, then doing a /Configure,Save or they can be typed
- directly into a .PRO file.
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- The PRINTER CPI and LPI profile commands are followed by an
- ASCII string of any length. Rules for entering the ASCII string
- are the same as the rules for entering the TRANSLATE TO string
- (see above).
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- TRANSLATE PRINT x TO y takes every character coming from
- a CALC spreadsheet and going to a printed report and compares it
- to the translate table. If a character matches, the translation is
- made. The same rules discussed above for the TRANSLATE command
- apply to the parameters of TRANSLATE PRINT. A maximum of fifty
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- translate strings can be specified. Heavy use of this feature can
- slow down /Print noticeably.
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- ITERATIONS
- When CALC calculates, it makes only one pass through the
- formulas. For some applications, especially those with "forward
- references", it is necessary to make a second pass through the
- formulas, since they refer to formulas that were not calculated on
- the first pass. It is possible to set the ITERATIONS to a large
- number if there are computations which get increasingly accurate
- with each recalculation.
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- OPTIMIZE MEMORY
- As a rule, this profile command should not be used. If it is
- present, CALC uses a more memory-efficient method of saving
- cell contents. It also does not save the parsed version of
- formulas, so they must be re-parsed on every calculation. This
- slows down re-calculation. CALC will automatically switch to
- OPTIMIZE MEMORY when spreadsheet memory becomes filled. If
- you are working with a large spreadsheet that will fill memory if
- CALC is optimized for speed, you can save some time in the
- loading process by including this command in the profile.
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- BARGRAPH CONFIGURATION
- The /Format, Bargraph command allows cells to be displayed in
- horizontal bargraph format. Three aspects of bargraphs can be
- changed: the color, the screen character and the print character.
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- The easiest way to change bargraph colors is with the /Configure
- command, so you can see the colors on the screen. It's a good idea
- to have a sample spreadsheet with bargraphs on the screen when
- /Configuring. Or the colors can be entered into a .PRO file
- directly. See "Screen Colors" above.
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- To change a bargraph character, use the GRAPHn SCREEN x or
- GRAPHn PRINT x commands, where n is 1 to 3, and x is any
- displayable character; x may also be an ASCII value enclosed
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- in square brackets. The default bargraph characters on the
- CALC distribution diskette are:
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- GRAPH1 SCREEN [178]
- GRAPH2 SCREEN [219]
- GRAPH3 SCREEN [176]
- GRAPH1 PRINT *
- GRAPH2 PRINT ]
- GRAPH3 PRINT /
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- If your printer is capable of printing graphic symbols, you may
- want to use them instead of ****, ]]]] and //// . IBM graphics
- printers and compatibles can specify the same character as the
- screen character, so printed bargraphs will look similar to the
- ones on the screen. There are dozens of characters that can be
- used on the screen for bargraphs. The back of the BASIC manual
- has an ASCII table with a picture of each character. Your printer
- manual should have a similar table of printable characters. You
- might experiment with different characters. How about gross sales
- graphed in dollar sign characters ( GRAPH1 SCREEN $ ). Or net
- profits graphed with happy faces ( GRAPH2 SCREEN [1] ).
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- SORT CONFIGURATION
- The /Arrange command has a sort precedence which you may want to
- override. Perhaps you want empty cells to sort at the end. Or you
- want special characters to all be at the beginning. While sorting,
- CALC puts a number at the front of each cell to indicate
- the type of data the cell contains. This number prefix is sorted
- with the data. The prefix number may be overridden with one of the
- sort sequence profile commands. The defaults are:
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- SORT SPACES 20
- SORT SPECIAL CHAR 30
- SORT LOWER CASE 40
- SORT UPPER CASE 40
- SORT NUMERALS 50
- SORT NEGATIVE 60
- SORT ZERO 70
- SORT POSITIVE 80
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- SORT EMPTY 90
- SORT aA
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- The prefix numbers are assigned by tens so there is space between
- them for renumbering. For example, to sort values first, use:
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- SORT NEGATIVE 1
- SORT ZERO 2
- SORT POSITIVE 3
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- Note that upper-case (capital) letters and lower-case (small)
- letters are both assigned the same sort precedence. Specifying a
- lower number for upper-case will cause all upper-case letters to
- sort before all lower-case letters. If both have the same
- precedence, they will be sorted together like this: a, A, b, B, etc.
- If you prefer: A, a, B, b, etc. use the SORT Aa profile command.
- If lower case and upper case are to be sorted together as if they
- were not different, use the SORT IGNORE CASE command.
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- To ignore the sign on a value, (i.e. sort the absolute value),
- assign NEGATIVE and POSITIVE the same prefix numbers:
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- SORT NEGATIVE 80
- SORT ZERO 70
- SORT POSITIVE 80
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- The prefix number can be any integer from 0 to 255. On text fields,
- sort precedence applies only to the first letter of text. After the
- prefix number, the text field is sorted in upper-case ASCII
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- If straight ASCII sequence is required on text fields, simply
- assign all text fields the same prefix:
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- SORT SPACES 20
- SORT SPECIAL CHAR 20
- SORT LOWER CASE 20
- SORT UPPER CASE 20
- SORT NUMERALS 20
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- ____________________________________________________________________
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- This section is intended for programmers whose programs access data
- in CALC files, or whose programs create CALC files.
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- The file format is designed so user programs can access it easily.
- Numbers are stored in string format. Formulas are stored exactly as
- they are entered. Attributes are stored as a string of characters,
- rather than internal binary flags. On cells with formulas, both the
- formula and the computed value are stored, allowing other programs
- to access the result without having to go through any computations.
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- Reading The File
- In Microsoft BASIC, use the LINE INPUT# command to read data
- from the file. All data fields are string format. Numeric data can
- be read into a string workarea, then converted to a double-
- precision numeric value using the VAL function. See the sample at
- the end of this section for more details.
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- Header Record
- The first record is the header record. It looks like this:
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- CALC 3.0
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- To verify that the input file is a CALC file, check the first
- four characters of this record for the letters "CALC". The
- "3.0" is the version number of CALC that produced the output. If
- you are creating a CALC file in your own program, it is
- recommended that you use "0.0" through "0.9" in this field, so it
- is evident that the file was not created by CALC, but by another
- program. You can also put descriptive info in the record, starting
- at column 20, to describe the source and/or contents of the file.
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- Cell Contents
- Following the header record are the contents of each cell. Only
- those cells that have something in them are saved on disk. Each
- cell is saved as a series of five fields. They are:
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- . Cell letter (expressed as a number from 1 to 255)
- . Cell row
- . Cell attributes (such as left-adjust, decimals, etc.)
- . Cell value
- . Formula (this field is null on text fields)
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- To read these fields, start by reading the cell letter. Check to
- see if it equals "END". If it does equal "END", you have reached
- the end of the cell contents fields. Otherwise, read the other four
- fields, using LINE INPUT# commands.
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- Cell Attributes
- The "cell attributes" field is a variable-length field, one or more
- bytes in length. The first byte identifies the type of contents in
- the cell. The first byte may be any one of the following:
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- T = Cell contains text.
- V = Cell contains a numeric value.
- F = Cell contains a formula.
- space = Cell is empty (except for attribute data).
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- Other bytes of the attribute field are as follows:
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- Position 2: Justification
- L = left-justify cell.
- R = right-justify cell.
- C = center-justify cell.
- space = use system default.
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- Position 3: Decimal positions
- 0 to 9 = number of decimal places.
- : = 10 decimal places.
- ; = 11 decimal places.
- < = 12 decimal places.
- F = floating decimal places.
- S = scientific notation.
- space = use system default.
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- Position 4: Commas on numbers
- Y = Print number with commas.
- N = Print number without commas.
- space = Use system default.
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- Position 5: Bargraph format
- 1 = Print number as graphics string 1.
- 2 = Print number as graphics string 2.
- 3 = Print number as graphics string 3.
- N = Print number as a number.
- space = Use system default.
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- Position 6: Floating dollar sign
- Y = Print dollar sign to left of number.
- N = Print number without dollar sign.
- space = Use system default.
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- Position 7: Parentheses around negative numbers
- Y = Print negative number with parentheses.
- N = Print negative number with minus sign.
- space = Use system default.
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- Position 8: Trailing percent sign
- Y = Print number with trailing percent sign.
- N = Print number without percent sign.
- space = Use system default.
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- Position 9: Cell contains an external reference (from
- another spreadsheet or from a database)
- Y = Cell contains an external reference.
- N = Cell does not contain external reference.
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- Position 10: Hidden cell
- P = Hidden on printer only.
- S = Hidden on screen only.
- B = Hidden on printer and screen.
- space = Not hidden.
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- Position 11: Protected cell
- Y = Cell is protected.
- space = Cell is not protected.
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- Position 12: Print zeros as blanks (spaces)
- Y = Print zeros as blanks.
- N = Print zeros as zeros.
- space = Use system default.
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- Positions 13-20: For future use.
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- Note that the attribute field is variable length. If attributes on
- the right are blank, the field may be shortened.
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- Sample File
- For example, a small CALC file with only three cells might look
- like this:
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- CALC 3.0
- 1
- 1
- TL
- Sample Spreadsheet
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- 2
- 3
- V
- 123.00
- 123
- 3
- 3
- F
- 246.00
- B3*2
- END
-
- In this example the spreadsheet has cells with data at A1, B3 and
- C3. At A1, the cell contains text, because the first letter of the
- attribute is "T". The second letter of the attribute is "L", which
- indicates that the data is to be left-justified in the cell. Cell
- B3 contains the value 123.00, and so its attribute is "V" for
- value. The field with "123" is the actual value that was entered in
- that cell; it may not always be a single number. For example, it
- could contain "100+23". But the field that contains "123.00" will
- always be a single numeric value. To use it in your program,
- convert it to a double-precision number:
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- LINE INPUT# DISKIN,VALUE$
- VALUE# = VAL(VALUE$)
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- The formula at cell C3 has a value of 246.00 and a formula of B3*2.
- Since B3 contains the value 123.00, the formula was evaluated by
- CALC and came up with the value 246.00. Finally, the table ends
- with the word "END".
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- Remaining Fields Optional
- The fields explained below, which follow the "END" statement, are
- optional. If the file ends with "END", or with only some of the
- optional fields, CALC will load the fields that are present, and
- use system defaults for the rest.
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- Column Width
- Immediately following the "END" statement are a series of column
- width fields. These fields are numeric integers, with values from 0
- to 75, and they are followed by another "END" statement. The reason
- for this second "END" statement is that the number of columns may
- change when the matrix dimension is reconfigured, and CALC
- needs to know when column width numbers stop.
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- Other Parameters
- Following the column widths are the following parameters:
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- . Letter number of cell cursor position (1 to 255)
- . Row number of cell cursor position (1 to 9999)
- . Row/col or col/row sequence setting (0=row, 1=col)
- . Border on/off setting (0=on, 1=off)
- . Default decimal places (0 to 12 or F or S)
- . Default justification (" "=none, L=left, R=right, C=center)
- . Default commas (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
- . Zeros as blanks (0=no, 1=yes)
- . Print width (1 to 999)
- . Print length (1 to 999)
- . Print options (D=double space, etc. See print command.)
- . Print page offset (0 to 99)
- . Default graphics (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
- . Default dollar sign (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
- . Default parentheses on negatives (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
- . Default percent sign (" "=none, Y=yes, N=no)
- . Manual calculation setting (1=manual, 0=automatic)
- . Global formula setting (1=formulas, 0=normal display)
- . Top margin (1 to 99)
- . Number of copies (1 to 999)
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- CALC FILE FORMAT
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- . Heading top line
- . Heading bottom line
- . Footing top line
- . Footing bottom line
- . Title locking pointers
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- As this product is enhanced, more special parameters will be added
- at the end. The program checks for end-of-file as it loads, so if
- some new parameters are missing, the module will still load. It
- will use currently set defaults for the missing parameters. None of
- these parameters are required for the spreadsheet to display, and
- it is recommended that programs passing data to CALC not pass
- these parameters unless it is absolutely necessary. Bad data in one
- of the fields can cause unpredictable results.
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- Sample BASIC Subroutine
- This routine demonstrates how a program might read a CALC
- file. This routine puts the value of each numeric cell into a two-
- dimensional array called TABLE#. The routine assumes that
- housekeeping functions such as opening files, dimensioning arrays,
- etc. have been performed earlier.
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- 1000 LINE INPUT# DISKIN,LETTER$ 'Read letter.
- IF LETTER$ = "END" THEN RETURN 'If END, exit.
- LETTER = VAL(LETTER$) 'Convert to numeric.
- LINE INPUT# DISKIN,LINE$ 'Input line number.
- ROW = VAL(LINE$) 'Convert to numeric.
- LINE INPUT# DISKIN,ATTRIBUTES$ 'Read attributes.
- LINE INPUT# DISKIN,VALUE$ 'Read value of cell.
- LINE INPUT# DISKIN,FORMULA$ 'Read formula.
- TYPE$ = LEFT$(ATTRIBUTES$,1) 'Extract type code.
- IF TYPE$ = "T" THEN RETURN 'Ignore text and
- IF TYPE$ = " " THEN RETURN 'null fields.
- TABLE#(LETTER,ROW) = VAL(VALUE$) 'Put number in table.
- GOTO 1000 'Loop.
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- ENHANCEMENTS
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- ____________________________________________________________________
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- VERSION NUMBERS
- AND MAJOR ENHANCEMENTS
-
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- CALC 1.0 (January 1984)
- . Enhanced /Print options: page length, titles, borders,
- offset and setup.
- . Added support for Home, End, Pg Up, Pg Down keys.
- . Added new global command: Zeros-as-blanks.
- . Added directory display to /Load and /Save commands.
- . Added /Edit command.
- . Added /Configure command.
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- CALC 2.0 (November 1984)
- . Zero column width for "hidden" columns
- . Sheet-to-sheet linkage allows data to be retrieved into a
- spreadsheet from another spreadsheet, providing a
- "3-dimensional" capability.
- . Data in File Express or PC-File databases can be retrieved
- directly into a cell. No limit to the number of databases
- that can be accessed by a single spreadsheet.
- . New formatting options:
- . Center-justify
- . Floating dollar sign
- . Trailing percent sign
- . Negatives in parentheses or with minus sign
- . Horizontal bar graphs using ******
- . Title locking - vertical, horizontal or both
- . New print options:
- . Output to printer or disk
- . Dot commands for page breaks, conditional page breaks,
- characters per inch (undocumented).
- . Printer setup strings
- . If...Then function (Nesting permitted)
- . Configure for popular brands of printers
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- ENHANCEMENTS
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- . Math functions: Absolute value, Arctangent, Cosine, e to
- the power of x, Integer, True integer, Natural log, Sign,
- Sine, Square root and Tangent
- . Statistical functions: Average, Count, Minimum, Maximum
- . Net present value function
- . Column width from 0 to 75
- . Exponentiation in formulas
- . 110 page reference manual
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- CALC 3.0 (September 1985)
- . Faster calculation
- . Faster screen display
- . Uses all available RAM memory
- . 64 columns by 256 lines
- . Variable matrix: 256 x 64 to 1 x 9999
- . Quotation mark not required on text
- . Arrow keys terminate a field and move the cursor
- . ESCAPE key now works like CONTROL-C
- . Smart-cursor (automatic movement in previous direction)
- . AND, OR, NOT logical operators; Modulo operator; % operator
- . New functions: Random number, Lookup, Standard deviation,
- Payment, Principal, Periods, Rate
- . Alternate form of IF: IF x THEN y ELSE z
- . Iterative recalculation option
- . New formatting options:
- . Horizontal bar graphs in three colors/characters
- . Protect/Unprotect cells
- . Hide cells
- . Zero-blank cells
- . Up to 12 decimals, or Floating, or Scientific (3E10)
- . Exponential form (3E10) acceptable in formulas
- . Smart keys
- . KEYIN xxx, ON EXIT RUN pgm, TRANSLATE options
- . /Global Formula option displays formulas on-screen
- . .PRO file support
- . /Arrange (Sort) command
- . /Delete, File command
- . /Load, Consolidate command
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- ENHANCEMENTS
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- . New print options:
- . Multiple line headings
- . Multiple line footings
- . Multiple copies
- . Specify top margin
- . Optional printer INIT string
- . Printer functions: char-per-inch, lines-per-inch,
- page break, conditional page break, NOPRINT, NOLF,
- date/time/page number
- . /Replicate option: Adjust ALL
- . /Save files in DIF or MailMerge format
- . Optionally rename old copy to filename.BAK
- . /Load DIF files, MailMerge files, File Express databases or
- PC-File databases
- . Default drive and/or extension option
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- FILES ON CALC DISKS
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- ____________________________________________________________________
-
- FILES ON THE CALC DISKS
-
- The following files are included on your CALC diskettes:
-
- 1. CALC.EXE: The CALC startup program. It must be on the
- logged disk drive.
-
- 2. CALC2.EXE, CALC3.EXE, etc.: Overlay programs used by
- CALC for functions such as printing, loading files, etc. They
- must be on the currently logged disk drive.
-
- 3. CALC1.DOC, CALC2.DOC, etc.: The CALC User Guide in
- four disk files. This is an evaluation copy of the guide,
- provided so you can share the program with others. This file is
- not needed to run CALC.
-
- 4. PRINTDOC.BAT: This batch file is used to print the
- evaluation copy of the User Guide. This file is not needed to
- run CALC.
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- 5. CALC.MSG: The message file for CALC. It must be on the
- currently logged disk drive, or CALC will not run.
-
- 6. EXAMPLE: Sample interest computation spreadsheet. This same
- spreadsheet is described in the "Brief Tutorial" and in the
- section on the Replicate Command (/R).
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- 7. BW.PRO, 40.PRO, etc.: These are small profile files for running
- CALC on a black-and-white monitor, 40-column screen, etc.
- They are used in the "Getting Started" section.
-
- 8. RESPONSE: This is also a CALC worksheet, and it contains
- a report similar to the User Response Form at the end of this
- manual. You can either remove the pages from the manual, or
- fill in the blanks on this spreadsheet and print it.
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- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
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- ____________________________________________________________________
-
- SOME FREQUENTLY
- ASKED QUESTIONS
-
- Q: What is your update policy?
- A: All registered Expressware users will be notified by mail
- when a new version of CALC becomes available. The cost of
- an update is usually $15 (to registered users).
-
- Q: Do you have any other programs you are distributing?
- A: Yes. File Express, a powerful data base management program.
-
- Q: What else are you working on?
- A: A new graphics program, ExpressGraph, is almost completed, and
- work is proceeding on an advanced report writer called PC-Report.
- New versions of ExpressCalc and File Express are also in
- development. In the section titled "User Response Form" we list
- some future enhancements, and ask you to indicate which ones are
- the most desirable to you. By filling out and returning the form,
- you can help us decide which improvements should be made first.
-
- Q: In what language was CALC written?
- A: It was written in BASIC, then compiled with the Microsoft
- Business BASIC Compiler. It also has some assembler subroutines.
-
- Q: What computers does CALC run on?
- A: Based on our users' responses, we know that CALC runs on
- the following computers:
-
- IBM PC COMPAQ Deskpro TANDY 1000
- IBM XT COMPAQ Portable TANDY 1200
- IBM PCjr CORONA TANDY 2000
- IBM PC Portable ITT Xtra TAVA
- IBM AT LEADING EDGE PC ZENITH Z-150
- AT&T 6300 SANYO 555-2 ZENITH AT
- COLUMBIA 1600 SANYO MBC Series
-
- If you have tested CALC on another brand, please let us know,
- and we will add it to the list.
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- DISTRIBUTION NOTICE
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- ____________________________________________________________________
-
- DISTRIBUTION NOTICE
-
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- Expressware is distributing CALC as a "SHAREWARE" product.
- After trying the product, if you decide to use it, we trust you to
- purchase the registered set.
-
- You may obtain a production copy of CALC for $10 from your local
- software dealer or directly from Expressware. The $10 disk set
- contains a diskette with the complete CALC software, and a
- supplemental diskette with the complete documentation, ready to be
- printed on your own printer. The disk set also contains a $10 rebate
- coupon to be used toward the purchase of the CALC registered set.
-
- The complete CALC registered set is also available from software
- dealers throughout the U.S. and Canada, or may be purchased directly
- from Expressware. The registered set includes a commercially printed
- copy of the User Guide, two diskettes and a user registration form.
- Registered owners of CALC receive phone support on Expressware
- products, newsletters, product announcements, and update service.
-
- Whether or not you purchase a registered copy, you are still
- encouraged to copy CALC and share it with your friends, with the
- following restrictions:
-
- . No charge is to be made for copying or distributing CALC. User
- groups may make a small charge to cover the cost of disks and
- copying, so long as the charge does not exceed $12. User Group
- members must be notified of the Shareware concept and encouraged
- to support it.
-
- . CALC must be distributed as a complete set. No alterations may
- be made to the files on the diskettes.
-
- . The printed manual may not be copied or reproduced in any way.
-
- . Commercial sale of CALC in any manner is prohibited without
- Expressware's written permission.
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- USER RESPONSE FORM
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- ____________________________________________________________________
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- USER RESPONSE FORM
-
-
- We are always interested in knowing more about our users. This
- information helps us to channel our efforts in the directions you
- want. Please help us by completing the questionaire on the
- following page and mailing it to:
-
- Expressware
- P. O. Box 230
- Redmond, WA 98073
-
-
- If you do not want to remove these pages from your manual, and a
- copy machine is not readily available, there is a file on the
- CALC diskette called RESPONSE which is a copy of this form.
- The file is a CALC spreadsheet. Use the /Load command to load
- it into CALC, then enter the requested information in the
- appropriate cells. Use the /Print command to print the completed
- questionaire.
-
-
- If you filled out a questionaire for CALC Version 2.0, we would
- appreciate hearing from you again, especially regarding the
- features you would like to see in Version 4.0. However, if you have
- sent a questionaire before, please mark the box indicating such,
- and skip questions 2 through 5.
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- USER RESPONSE FORM
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- 1. Have you sent a User Response Form in the past? Yes:___ No: ___
- If yes, please skip questions 2 through 5 below.
-
- 2. Where did you hear about CALC? _____________________________
-
- 3. System being used to run CALC:
-
- a) Computer brand/model? _______________________________________
-
- b) Amount of computer memory? ________________________________
-
- c) Type of disk? ________________________________________________
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- d) Monochrome or color display? _________________________________
-
- e) 40 or 80 column display? _____________________________________
-
- f) Printer brand/model? _________________________________________
-
- 4. For what types of applications do you use CALC?
-
- ________________________________________________________________
-
- 5. ____ Registered user ____ Non-registered user
-
- (If you are a non-registered user, we are interested in knowing
- why. Is the price too high? Is CALC missing features you need?)
-
- 6. Version of CALC you use: ____ 1.0 ____ 2.0 ____ 3.0
-
- 7. Which database manager do you use? _____________________________
-
- 8. Which word processor do you use? _______________________________
-
- 9. Name and address (optional): ____________________________________
-
- ____________________________________
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- ____________________________________
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- USER RESPONSE FORM
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- 10.Here are some of the enhancements to CALC that are planned.
- Help us prioritize these enhancements. Put a "1" on each feature
- you would find useful. Put a "2" on any you feel are important,
- and a "3" on those you feel are absolutely essential.
-
- ___ Help screens.
- ___ Split screen or "window" command.
- ___ Faster calculation.
- ___ Faster screen display.
- ___ Faster load/save.
- ___ Faster Xternal access.
- ___ Larger spreadsheet matrix.
- ___ Spreadsheet on disk if memory fills (virtual memory).
- ___ Formulas larger than 74 characters.
- ___ Command files or macros.
- ___ Internal rate of return function.
- ___ Calendar/time functions and arithmetic.
- ___ Password security/encryption.
- ___ Natural or topological recalculation.
- ___ Graphics.
- ___ 8087 support.
- ___ Global search; search and replace.
- ___ Cell-finding with arrows when entering formulas.
- ___ Future value function.
- ___ Depreciation functions.
- ___ /Move command.
- ___ Underline, boldface formatting options.
- ___ Cell naming, Range naming.
- ___ Median and modal average.
- ___ Pathnames in file name references.
- ___ Word wrap.
- ___ Percentile ranking.
- ___ Undo command.
- ___ Calculator mode.
- ___ Sideways printing.
- ___ ____________________________________________
- ___ ____________________________________________
- ___ ____________________________________________
- ___ ____________________________________________
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- USER RESPONSE FORM
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- 11.If you find a bug in CALC, an error in the documentation, or
- you just have a suggestion for doing it a better way, we would
- like to hear from you. Please write your comments here, or
- attach a separate sheet.
-
- ________________________________________________
-
- ________________________________________________
-
- ________________________________________________
-
- ________________________________________________
-
- ________________________________________________
-
- ________________________________________________
-
- ________________________________________________
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- ________________________________________________
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- ORDER FORM
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- ____________________________________________________________________
-
- Expressware
- P.O. Box 230
- Redmond WA 98073
- (Qty & Dealer discounts avl.)
- PRICE PRICE
- PRODUCT QTY EACH EXTENDED
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- ExpressCalc Version 3.0
- Diskettes Only ___ $10.00 $_______
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- Registered Set ___ $49.00 $_______
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- File Express Version 3.0
- Diskettes Only ___ $10.00 $_______
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- Registered Set ___ $40.00 $_______
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- If shipping UPS COD, add $2.00 $_______
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- Washington residents add 8.1% sales tax $_______
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- TOTAL: $_______
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- Please make check (US funds only) payable to: Expressware
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- MasterCard:____ Visa:____ Card Number: __________________
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- Expiration date: __________ Signature: ____________________
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- Name: ____________________________________________
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- Address: ____________________________________________
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- City: _________________________ State: ___ Zip: ________
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- Country: ________________ Phone Number: _________________
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- Index
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- ____________________________________________________________________
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- A
- ABS Function 25
- absolute value 25
- accumulate numbers 128
- add numbers 128
- adding a line 69
- addition 12
- Alphabetical reference 23
- ALT key 106
- amortization
- PAYMENT 97
- PERIODS 99
- PRINCIPAL 101
- RATE 112
- AND operator 12
- angle
- arctangent 31
- cosine 42
- sine 125
- tangent 129
- arctangent function 31
- ARRANGE command 26
- array size 37
- arrows 16
- ascending sequence 26
- ASCII
- codes to printer 106
- file, reading 75
- sort 26
- asterisks, bar graph 55
- at sign 14
- ATN function 31
- automatic calculation 61
- automatic cursor 62
- AVERAGE function 32
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- 173
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- Index
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- B
- background colors 36, 149
- bad file 77
- bargraph 55, 58
- bargraph configuration 150
- base e 79
- BASIC routine 160
- black and white 140
- BLANK command 33
- blank screen 37
- blank zeros 62
- block of cells, blanking 33
- Boolean operator 12, 13
- border
- color 36
- option 60
- printing 104
- brackets 142
- bugs, reporting 170
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- C
- calculation 60
- disabling 61
- sequence 60
- cell attributes 155
- cell
- block of 115
- contents 11
- cursor 6
- definition 6
- center-justification 53
- centering 53
- changing configuration 35, 139
- characters per inch
- 39, 44, 106, 143, 149
- circular reference 61
- clear spreadsheet 138
- color
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- 174
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- Index
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- configuring 36
- graphics board 3
- monitor 3, 4
- screen 140-142, 144-145
- column
- hidden 53
- inserting 69
- size 53
- width 46, 53, 78, 159
- column-wise calculation 60
- combine spreadsheets 76
- comma, terminating field 20
- Command Processor 22
- command
- Arrange 26
- Blank 33
- Configure 35
- Delete 46
- Edit 48
- Format 52
- Global 60
- Insert 69
- Load 75
- Print 103
- Quit 109
- Replicate 114
- Save 120
- Title 130
- Xternal 132
- Zap 138
- commas in numbers 53
- compatible computers 165
- complement 12
- compressed print 44
- computer clubs 166
- computers, runs on 165
- conditional page 94
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- 175
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- Index
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- conditional testing 64
- CONFIGURE command 35
- configuring 139
- global defaults 56
- smart keys 37
- printer 38
- save 38
- conjunction 12
- consolidate 76
- Control keys 16
- copy cells 114
- copying PC-CALC 166
- correct formula 48
- correct text 48
- COS function 42
- cosine function 42
- COUNT function 43
- CPI function 44
- CPI 39, 44, 106, 143, 149
- Ctrl-C key 16
- cursor
- automatic 62
- color 36
- movement 16
- smart 62
- Customizing PC-CALC 139
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- D
- Data Interchange 120
- database, reading 75, 132
- date and time 72
- decimal places 52
- defaults
- configuring 139
- numbers 12
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- 176
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- Index
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- degrees
- arctangent 31
- cosine 42
- sine 125
- tangent 129
- DELETE command 46
- delete
- column 46
- contents of cell 33
- file 46
- key 20
- line 20, 46
- row 46
- spreadsheet 46
- descending sequence 26
- descending sort 26
- deviation 127
- DIF file
- reading 75
- saving 120
- directory display 75, 120
- discount rate 92
- disjunction 12
- disk
- load spreadsheet 75
- printed output 104
- save spreadsheet 120
- diskette drive 3
- diskette files 164
- display contents 48
- display directory 75, 120
- division 12
- dollar sign 53
- double spacing 104
- double-sided diskette 3
- down arrow 18
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- 177
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- Index
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- E
- e, natural logarithm 50, 79
- EDIT command 48
- end key 19
- end of spreadsheet 21
- end PC-CALC 109
- enhancements 161
- ENTER key 20
- entering text 146
- entry line 7
- color 36
- Epson printer 39, 105
- equal sign 21
- erase
- cell 33
- column 46
- row 46
- spreadsheet 138
- to end of field 20
- ERROR 85, 86, 133
- ESC key 8, 19, 148
- Escape key 8, 19, 148
- exclamation point 21
- exit 109
- EXP function 50
- exponent 14, 53
- exponential form 14
- exponential function 50
- exponentiation 12, 13
- external references 132
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- F
- features, new 161
- FICA example 67
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- 178
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- Index
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- file
- format 154
- loading 75
- names 75, 120, 164
- PC-CALC 75, 120
- saving 120
- File Express database 171
- reading 75, 133
- files on disk 164
- FIX function 51
- flickering screen 40
- floating dollar sign 53
- foreground colors 36
- form advance 94
- form feed 94
- FORMAT command 52
- format
- bar graph 55
- commas in numbers 53
- decimals 52
- dollar sign 53
- global default 57
- global settings 56
- justify 53
- memory usage 56
- percent sign 54
- format, file 154
- formula 61
- entering 7, 12
- forward reference 61
- freeing memory, Blank 33
- frequent questions 165
- function keys 38
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- 179
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- Index
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- function
- absolute value 25
- arctangent 31
- average 32
- cosine 42
- COUNT 43
- CPI 44
- exponential 50
- fixed 51
- INT 71
- integer 51, 71
- KEYWORD 72
- LOG 79
- LOOKUP 80
- LPI 84
- MAX 85
- maximum number 85
- MIN 86
- minimum number 86
- net present value 92
- NOLF 87
- NOPRINT 89
- NPV 92
- PAGE 94
- PAYMENT 97
- PERIODS 99
- PRINCIPAL 101
- RANDOM 110
- RATE 112
- sign 124
- sine 125
- square root 126
- STDEV 127
- SUM 128
- table lookup 80
- tangent 129
- trigonometric 31, 42, 125
- future enhancements 169
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- Index
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- G
- getting started 4
- GLOBAL command 22, 60
- global
- defaults 60
- formula 61, 62
- options 60
- settings 60
- go to coordinate 21
- graph, bar 55, 150
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- H
- hard copy 103
- HDR files 75
- header record 154
- height of screen 40
- hidden cells 53
- hidden column 2
- hide cells 53
- high-speed mode 18
- home key 19
- horizontal titles 130
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- I
- IF command 64
- import database 75
- insert characters 20
- INSERT command 20, 69
- insert key 20, 142
- insert line 20, 64
- installing PC-CALC 4
- INT function 71
- integer function 71
- interest rate 112
- interest, computing 8
- invoice example 82, 89
- iterations 144, 150
- iterative calculation 150
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- Index
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- J
- jump to
- cell 17, 21
- end of spreadsheet 19
- top of spreadsheet 19
- justification, default 53
- justify 53
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- K
- keyboard
- configuring 37, 142, 147
- conventions 16
- input 22
- macros 37
- KEYIN 148
- keys
- alternate 16
- cell cursor 16
- entry line 16
- keystrokes 22
- KEYWORD function 72
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- L
- language 165
- largest number 85
- learning 6
- leave PC-CALC 109
- left margin, print 104
- left-justify 53
- line spacing 84, 143
- lines per inch 84, 143
- LOAD command 75
- loading a file 75
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- Index
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- loan
- amount, principal 101
- payment 97
- periods 99
- principal 101
- term 99
- lock/protect cells 54
- locking titles 130
- LOG function 79
- logarithm 79
- logged disk drive 75, 120
- logical function 64
- logical operator 12
- longer spreadsheet 37
- LOOKUP function 80
- LPI function 84
- LPI 84, 143
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- M
- macros, smart key 37
- mail-merge file 75, 120
- major enhancements 161
- mantissa 14, 53
- manual calculation 61
- mathematical number e 50, 79
- matrix, configuring 37
- MAX function 85
- maximum columns 37
- maximum value 85
- maximums 11
- mean average 32
- memory
- available 11
- clearing 138
- format 56
- required 3
- message line 8
- color 36
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- Index
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- Microsoft BASIC 151, 165
- military time 73
- MIN function 86
- minimum configuration 3
- minimum value 86
- mismatched parentheses 14
- modify cell contents 48
- modulo 13
- monitor
- color 3
- monochrome 3, 4
- MSDOS 3
- multiple copies 166
- multiple databases 135
- multiplication 12
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- N
- natural logarithm 79
- negative numbers 54, 124
- nested IF 64
- net present value 92
- new line 69
- new spreadsheet 138
- no line feed 87
- NOLF function 87
- non-destructive cursor 19
- non-IBM computers 4, 165
- non-print zeros 62
- NOPRINT function 89
- NOT operator 13
- NPV function 92
- numbers, entering 8
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- O
- offset 103
- old cursor 145
- on exit run 144
- operating system 3
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- 184
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- Index
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- operators
- arithmetic 12
- two in a row 14
- optimize memory 150
- optional fields 159
- OR operator 13
- order form 171
- ordering software 171
- output to disk 120
- overprinting 87
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- P
- page down key 19
- PAGE function 94
- page length 103
- page number 72
- page offset 103
- page up key 19
- page width 103
- parentheses
- in formulas 14
- mismatched 14
- nested 14
- on negative numbers 54
- PAYMENT function 97
- PC-File database 75, 133
- PCDOS 3
- percent sign 13, 54
- percentage operator 13
- PERIODS function 99
- permanent configuration 39
- permission to copy 166
- pg dn key 16
- pg up key 16
- policy, updates 165
- positive number 25
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- Index
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- precedence
- arithmetic 13
- math 13
- overriding 13
- sort 27
- precision, decimals 52
- present value 92
- prices, software 171
- PRINCIPAL function 101
- PRINT command 103
- print
- double spacing 103
- left margin 103
- offset 103
- setup 104
- to disk 104
- wide reports 104
- printed output 103
- printer
- configuring 39, 106, 143
- fonts 44
- spacing 84
- printing border 103
- printing spreadsheet 103
- profile commands 139
- profile files 139
- programming language 165
- protect cells 54
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- Q
- question & answer 165
- QUIT command 109
- quote on text 146
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- 186
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- Index
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- R
- radians
- arctangent 31
- cosine 42
- sine 125
- tangent 129
- RANDOM function 110
- random number 110
- RATE function 112
- rate, interest 112
- read database 132
- rearranging screen 35
- recalculation
- automatic 61
- manual 61
- reconfiguring PC-CALC 35
- reference, alphabetic 23
- relational operator 13, 64
- remainder 12
- remove column 46
- remove data from cell 33
- remove row 46
- remove sign 25
- REPLICATE command 114
- report to disk 104
- report, printed 103
- reporting bugs 167
- requirements 3
- resequencing 26
- reset defaults 138
- response form 167
- RETURN key 18
- return to DOS 109
- retype 48
- right-justify 53
- root, square 126
- ROUND function 119
- rounding numbers 119
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- Index
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- row
- inserting 69
- sort 29
- row-wise calculation 60
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- S
- Sample BASIC routine 160
- SAVE command 10, 120
- save configuration 39
- saving a file 120
- scientific notation 12, 52
- screen colors 142, 149
- screen configuration 142, 144
- screen
- blank 40
- flicker 40
- height 35, 40
- layout 36
- width 35
- scrolling screen 18
- secondary key 26
- secondary sort 28
- sequencing 26
- setting decimals 52
- setting colors 36
- setup, printer 39, 105
- SGN function 124
- sign function 25
- SIN function 125
- sine function 125
- skip print line 89
- skip to new page 94
- slash character 22
- slow calculation 61
- slow screen 40
- smallest number 86
- smart cursor 62, 145
- smart keys 37
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- 188
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- Index
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- sort 26
- configuring 144, 151
- precedence 27
- sequence 152
- spreadsheet
- loading 75
- saving 120
- SQR function 126
- square root 126
- standard deviation 127
- STDEV function 127
- stream of flows 92
- subtraction 12
- SUM function 9, 128
- suppress line feed 87
- suppres print line 89
- system options 60
- system requirements 3
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- T
- table lookup 80
- TAN function 129
- tangent function 129
- tax table lookup 81
- term of loan 99
- test scores 68
- text
- entering 7, 8
- overlapping 7
- time and date 72
- TITLE command 130
- title locking 130
- toggle border on/off 60
- toggling insert 20
- Toshiba printer 39
- total numbers 128
- trailing percent sign 54
- translate 147
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- Index
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- trigonometric function
- arctangent 31
- cosine 42
- sine 125
- true integer 71
- tutorial 6
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- U
- unlock/unprotect 54
- unprotect cells 54
- up arrow 18
- update policy 165
- user response 167
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- V
- valid file names 76, 121
- value, entering 8
- version numbers 161
- vertical titles 130
- video RAM 40
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- W
- what if 9
- whole number 71
- wider spreadsheet 37
- width, column 53
- WS files 75, 120
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- X
- XTERNAL command 132
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- Z
- ZAP command 8, 138
- zero-blank 56, 62
- zeros as spaces 56
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- 190